Native Copper – Microstructure of native copper (112 HV). Note the extensive slip lines. Color micrograph was taken with crossed polarized light plus sensitive tint.
High-Purity Copper (99.89%) – Microstructure of hot extruded, cold worked and annealed (500 °C) high-purity copper etched with equal parts ammonium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide (3% conc), 46 HV.
High-Purity Copper (99.89%) – Microstructure of hot extruded, cold worked and annealed (500 °C) high-purity copper etched with klemms III and Beraha’s PbS tint etches and viewed with polarized light plus sensitive tint, 46 HV.
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The articles and presentations that can be down-loaded from this web site are based upon work done by GFV while employed at Bethlehem Steel (1967-1983), Carpenter Technology (1983-1996), Buehler Ltd. (1996-2009) and Struers (2009-Present) and from the authors consulting work for companies such as, Latrobe Steel, Scot Forge, etc., and from his litigation work. GFV's bylined articles appearing in various issues of the ASM Handbook series have been listed here courtesy of ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio.